Chapter – 12

Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems

In this post, we have given the Important Questions of Class 12 Geography Chapter 12 (Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems) in English. These Important Questions are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 12 board exams.

Board	CBSE Board, UP Board, JAC Board, Bihar Board, HBSE Board, UBSE Board, PSEB Board, RBSE Board
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 12
Subject	Geography
Chapter no.	Chapter 12
Chapter Name	(Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems)
Category	Class 12 Geography Important Questions in English
Medium	English

Chapter – 12, (Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Q1. What is Swachh Bharat Mission?
Ans- The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is part of the urban renewal mission launched by the Government of India to improve the quality of life in urban slums.

• In which town, do vehicles emit most carbon-monoxide?
  Ans: Delhi.

Q2. Which is the main source of environmental pollution in India?
Ans: Industries are the main source of environmental pollution in India.

Q3. Mention any two sources of water pollutants created by humans.
Ans: Two sources of water pollutants created by humans are:

• Sewage disposal
• Toxic effluents from industries.

Q4. Name two sources of Air Pollution.
Ans: Volcanoes and industries.

Q5. Name a gas which depletes Ozone gas.
Ans: CFC—Chlorofluorocarbon.

Q6. Classify pollution into three main types.
Ans: Pollution can be classified into three categories on the basis of medium of transportation of the pollutants:

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land pollution.

Q7. What is Smog?
Ans: Smog is smoky fog in urban industrial cities when carbon dioxide freezes over smoke.

Q8. Name any two diseases that are caused by air pollution.
Ans: Lung cancer and asthma are two diseases caused by air pollution.

Q9. Mention the root cause of ‘acid rains’.

OR

Which source of pollution is responsible for acid rains?
Ans: Air pollution is responsible for acid rains. It is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air in the atmosphere. They mix and react with water molecules and oxygen to form acidic rain.

Short Answer Questions

Q1 Write any six problems of slums of metropolitan cities in India

Ans.

• Lack of proper accommodation, light and sanitation facilities
• Lack of safety measures from fire and earthquake.
• Over crowded with population.
• Lack of medical facilities.
• Narrow streets and lack of proper ventilation.
• Spread of epidemics in slums.

Q2. Write four problems regarding urban waste disposal in India.
Ans.

• Lack of proper place for dumping of urban waste material.
• Throwing of industrial waste into rivers, which in turn increases water pollution.
• Soil pollution is caused due to uncontrolled chemical seepage in the ground.
• Fear of spreading diseases due to air pollution and bad smell from urban waste.

Q3. Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Ans.

• Growing population
• Slow administrative action
• Growing consumerism.
• Casual attitude towards cleanliness.
• Unscientific disposal Management.
• Problem of Water pollution.
• Loss of health

Q4 In how many categories is pollution divided on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported?
Ans- There are many types of pollution on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported and diffused:

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land pollution
• Noise pollution

Q5. What do you mean by water pollution?
Ans- Deterioration in quality of water due to presence of waste, toxic chemicals, etc. water becomes unfit for use. They are difficult to remove by standard purification measures. Fluorides and e-coli from waste are examples of water pollution.

Q6.What are the main sources of water pollution?
Ans- Water pollutants are created by natural sources like -soil erosion, landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, etc.
But the main pollutants come from human sources which include -polluting the water through industrial, agricultural, and cultural activities. Human causes are the real causes of concern.

Q7.What is meant by air pollution?
Ans-  Air pollution is taken as addition of contaminants like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odor, smoke or vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.

Q8. Name the diseases caused by air pollution.
Ans- It causes various respiratory diseases like asthma, sore throat, sneezing, allergic rhinitis, smoky fog over the cities commonly known as smog prevails which may lead to accidents.

Q9. What do you mean by noise pollution?
Ans- Noise pollution refers to the state of unbearable and uncomfortable to human beings which is caused by noise from different sources. The level of steady noise is measured by sound level expressed in terms of decibel (dB).

Q10. Which physical disorders take place due to noise pollution?
Ans- Hearing problems, headache, anxiety, irritation, depression, digestive disorder, etc.

Q11.What health problems are caused by solid waste?
Ans- Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harbouring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhea, malaria and cholera, etc.

Q12. What are the main causes of migration from rural area to urban area?
Ans- Population flow from rural to urban areas is caused by many factors:

• High demand for labour in urban areas.
• Low job opportunities in rural areas.
• Imbalanced pattern of development between urban and rural areas.

Q13.What do you mean by slums?
Ans- “Slums”, jhuggi-jhopari” are clusters and colonies of shanty structures. These are inhabited by those people who were forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centers in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing due to high rent and high costs of land. They occupy environmentally unfriendly areas.

Q14. What do you mean by land degradation?
Ans- Land degradation is generally understood either as a temporary or a permanent decline in productive capacity of the land.

Q15. Which human action brings reduction in land productivity?
Ans

• Shifting cultivation area,
• degraded land under plantation crops,
• degraded forests,
• degraded astures, and mining and industrial wastelands, are causes of land degradation by human action.

Q16. What per cent of agricultural land in India is barren and uncultivable waste and degraded land?
Ans.- 17.98% of total geographical area of land in India is barren and uncultivable waste and degraded land for which natural and human actions are responsible.

Q17. Describe the problem of Slums in India.
Ans.

• Dilapidated houses
• Poor hygienic conditions
• Lack of light & drinking water facilities.
• Lack of toilet facilities.
• Poor ventilation
• Low paid and high risk works.
• Lack of proper education
• Malnutrition and Under Nutrition
• Vulnerable to crime & drug abuse.
• Vulnerable to social exclusion

Q18. What is the difference between pollution and pollutants?
Ans

Pollution

• Pollution is the addition of unwanted, harmful substances in the atmosphere in substantial amount over a considerable period of time.
• It is the degradation of the quality of environment.
• Pollution is caused by pollutants.

Pollutant

• Pollutants are the substances which are unwanted, and harmful. They make the environment polluted.
• They degrade the quality of the environment.
• Addition of pollutants is the cause of pollution.

Q19. Describe the major source of air pollution.
Ans: Combustion of coal, petrol and diesel, industrial processes, solid waste disposal, sewage disposal, etc. are the major sources of air pollution because they add oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, hydro-carbons, ammonia, lead aldehydes, asbestos and helium in the atmosphere.

Q20. Mention major problems associated with urban waste disposal in India.
Ans: Solid waste refers to a variety of old and used articles, For example stained small pieces of metals, broken glassware, plastic containers, polythene bags, ashes, floppies, CD’s, etc. dumped at different places. 

Environmental pollution by solid wastes has now got significance because of enormous growth in the quantity of wastes generated from various sources. The huge turn out of ashes and debris from industries, thermal power houses and building constructions or demolitions have posed problems of serious consequences. Solid wastes cause health hazard through creation of obnoxious smell, and harboring of flies and rodents, which act as carriers of diseases like typhoid, diphtheria, diarrhea, malaria and cholera, etc.

These wastes cause frequent nuisance as and when these are carelessly handled, spread by wind and splittered through rain water. Concentration of industrial units in and around urban centres gives rise to disposal of industrial wastes.

The dumping of industrial waste into rivers leads to water pollution. River pollution from city-based industries and untreated sewage leads to serious health problems downstream. 50 per cent of the waste generated are left uncollected which accumulate on streets, in open spaces between houses and in wastelands leading to serious health hazards.

Untreated wastes ferment slowly and release toxic biogas to the atmosphere, including methane. Land is limited in urban centres so looking for landfill to dump the waste generated in urban centres is a major problem.

Long Type Answer Questions

Q1. Describe the nature of water pollution in India.
Ans- Water pollution is addition of unwanted and harmful material in the water which renders it harmful for the use of human and degrades the flora and fauna around it.

1. Indiscriminate use of water by increasing population and industrial expansion has led degradation of the quality of water considerably. Surface water available from rivers, canals, lakes, etc. is never pure. It contains small quantities of suspended particles, organic and inorganic substances. When concentration of these substances increases, the water becomes polluted, and hence becomes unfit for use. In such a situation, the self-purifying capacity of water is unable to purify the water.

2. Water pollutants are also created from natural sources (erosion, landslides, decay and decomposition of plants and animals, etc.). Pollutants from human sources are the real causes of concern. Human beings pollute the water through Industrial, agricultural and cultural activities.

3. Industry is the most significant contributor. Industries produce several undesirable products including industrial wastes, polluted waste water, poisonous gases, chemical residuals, numerous heavy metals, dust, smoke, etc.

4. Most of the industrial wastes are disposed off in running water or lakes. Consequently, poisonous elements reach the reservoirs, rivers and other water bodies, which destroy the bio-system of these waters. Major water polluting industries are leather, pulp and paper, textiles and chemicals. 

5. Various types of chemicals used in modern agriculture such as inorganic fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides are also pollution generating components. These chemicals are washed down to rivers, lakes and tanks. These chemicals also infiltrate the soil to reach the ground water. Fertilizer induces an increase in the nitrate content of surface waters.

6. Cultural activities such as pilgrimage, religious fairs, tourism, etc. also cause water pollution. In India, almost all surface water sources are contaminated and unfit for human consumption. Also the overutilization of groundwater resources in India has led to groundwater depletion and also increased concentration of Arsenic in many parts of West Bengal and Bihar.

7. Domestic waste which includes sewage and other household waste also adds on to the pollution of water. Water pollution is a source of various water borne diseases. The diseases commonly caused due to contaminated water are diarrhea, intestinal worms, hepatitis, etc. World Health Organisation shows that about one-fourth of the communicable diseases in India are water-borne.

Q2. Describe the problem of slums in India.
Ans-

• Urban centers in India are more differentiated in terms of the .social-economic, politicocultural and other indicators of development than any other areas.
• They represent social-economic disparities of highest order. On one hand are the highly posh areas with huge farm houses, wide roads, entertainment center and all amenities required for leading a luxurious life, on the other hand are the slum clusters, generally referred to as
  “jhuggi- jhopris-clusters and colonies of shanty structures.
• Those people who were forced to migrate from the rural areas to these urban centers in search of livelihood but could not afford proper housing due to high rent and high costs of land inhabit these slums. They occupy environmentally incompatible and degraded areas.
• Slums are residential areas of the least choice, dilapidated houses, poor hygienic conditions, poor ventilation, lack of basic amenities like drinking water, light and toilet facilities, etc. These areas are overcrowded having narrow street pattern prone to serious hazards from fire.
• Moreover, most of the slum population works in low paid, high risk-prone, unorganised sectors of the urban economy. Consequently, they are the undernourished, prone to different types of diseases and illness and can ill afford to give proper education to their children. The poverty makes them vulnerable to drug abuse, alcoholism, crime, vandalism, escapism,apathy and ultimately social exclusion.
• Dharavi, which is the second largest slum of Asia, shows the extreme miserable and unhygienic conditions of existence. The area is devoid of  anitation and is infested by pests such as rats, causing miserable health conditions of the residents. The lanes of the slum are not wide enough to let a bicycle pass through them. People inhabiting the slum face chronic diseases- both communicable and the ones caused by deficiencies.
• The lack of employment opportunities in the rural as well as urban areas of developing nations consistently pushes the population to urban areas.
• The enormous migrant population generates a pool of unskilled and semi skilled labour force, which is already saturated in urban areas. People coming to the slums are affected by the several ills which cities of developing countries face. The available social and economic infrastructure is unable to absorb the additional population.
• Lack of education, employment and male selective migration tends to increase the crime rates. Due to failing infrastructure, people living in slums are devoid of minimum required quantity of potable water. An improper sewage system creates unhealthy conditions.Massive use of traditional fuel severely pollutes the air.

Q3. Suggest measures for reduction of land degradation.
Ans- The pressure on agricultural land increases not only due to the limited availability but also by deterioration of quality of agricultural land. Soil erosion, water logging, Stalinization and alkalinisation of land lead to land degradation. Though all degraded land may not be
wasteland, but unchecked process of degradation may lead to the conversion to wasteland.

There are two processes that induce land degradation. This are

Natural and created by human beings:-

• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) has classified wastelands by using remote sensing techniques and it is possible to categorize these wastelands according to the processes that have created them. Some degradation which is caused by natural agents cannot be stopped
  altogether, but the degraded land can be revived through reclamation processes.
• Land degradation like gullied/ ravenous land, desert or coastal sands, barren rocky areas, steep sloping land, and glacial areas are primarily caused by natural agents. There are other type of degraded land such as waterlogged and marshy areas, land affected by salinity and alkalinity and land with or without scrub, which have largely been caused by natural as well as human factors. There are some other types of wastelands such as degraded shifting cultivation area, degraded land under plantation crops, degraded forests, degraded pastures, and mining and industrial wastelands, are caused by human actions.
• Land degradation caused by human activities can be controlled by regulating and improving land use practices. Shifting agriculture and open grazing causes a large area of land to be degraded, therefore shifting cultivation and open grazing should be strictly banned. Regulations on use of fertilizers and other chemicals on the agricultural land should be strengthened. Mining activities, deforestation all leads to land degradation, therefore government needs to put strict checks on these practices. The best way to put a check on the land degradation and land revival is by educating the inhabitants of the area and having community based programmes aimed at checking land degradation and reviving the degraded
  land. Under the various schemes of governments and aid of NGOs the community is organized in such a way to use sustainable and organic agricultural practices.
• Common property resource is revitalized, and its use is promoted. Planting patches of fodder grass so as to limit open grazing is a crucial step to curtail land degradation. Social fencing of the land leads to feeling of responsibility among the people and therefore protection of land.
  Therefore community participation with public- government participation is the best method to contain land degradation. The best example from India for revival of degraded land is of the Jhabua district in the westernmost agro-climatic zone of Madhya Pradesh.

Q4. In how many categories is pollution divided on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported?
Ans- There are many types of pollution on the basis of medium through which pollutants are transported and diffused:

• Air pollution
• Water pollution
• Land pollution
• Noise pollution

Q5. What are the effects of air pollution on human health?
Ans.

• Air pollution is taken as addition of contaminants like dust, fumes, gas, fog, odor, smoke or vapour to the air in substantial proportion and duration that may be harmful to flora and fauna and to property.
• It causes various diseases related to respiratory, nervous and circulatory systems. Smoky fog over cities called as urban smog is caused by atmospheric pollution.
• It proves very harmful to human health. It can also cause acid rain.

Q6. What do you know about ‘Namami Gange Programme’? What are its main objectives?
Ans. Namami Gange Programme, as a river, has national importance but the river requires cleaning by effectively controlling the pollution for its water. The Union Government has launched the ‘Namami Gange Programme’ with the following objectives:

• Developing sewerage treatment systems in towns,
• Monitoring of industrial effluents,
• Development of river front,
• Afforestation along the bank of increase biodiversity,
• Cleaning of the river surface,
• Development of ‘Ganga Grams’ in Uttarakhand, UP, Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal, and
• Creating public awareness to avoid adding pollutants in to the river even in the form of rituals.

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