Chapter – 8

Fundamentals Of Anatomy & Physiology

In this post, we have given the Important Questions of Class 11 Physical Education Chapter 8 (Fundamentals Of Anatomy & Physiology) in English. These Important Questions are useful for the students who are going to appear in class 11 board exams.

Board	CBSE Board, UP Board, JAC Board, Bihar Board, HBSE Board, UBSE Board, PSEB Board, RBSE Board
Textbook	NCERT
Class	Class 11
Subject	Physical Education
Chapter no.	Chapter 8
Chapter Name	(Fundamentals Of Anatomy & Physiology)
Category	Class 11 Physical Education Important Questions in English
Medium	English

Very Short Answer 1 Mark

Q.1 Define anatomy.
Ans. Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. The term anatomy comes from Greek words: ANA means apart and TOMY means to cut. It is because anatomy was first obtained through dissection.

Q.2 Define physiology.
Ans. Physiology is the study of functions of the human body. In other words, physiology is the science of mechanical, physical, bioelectrical, and biochemical functions of human organs and the cells of which they are composed.

Q.3 Name any four physiological systems of the human body.
Ans.

• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Digestive System
• Respiratory System

Q.4 Define the skeletal system.
Ans. The skeletal system is the bony framework of our body. It consists of all the bones of the body. It supports the body and gives it a shape.

Q.5 What do you understand by joint?
Ans. Joint is the place at which two or more bones meet in the skeleton of the body. Joint may be fixed or movable.

Q.6 Which is the longest and the smallest bone in human body?
Ans. The longest bone in human body is Femur (thigh bone). And the smallest bone in the human body is stapes (ear bone).

Q.7 What is a muscle?
Ans. Muscle is the tissue composed of fibers capable of contracting for effective bodily movements or muscle is the body tissue that can contract and produce movement.

Q.8 Enlist types of muscles.
Ans.

• Voluntary/skeletal/striated muscle
• Involuntary or smooth or spindle muscle
• Cardiac muscle

Q.9 Which is the hardest working muscle in our body?
Ans. Cardiac muscle is the hardest working muscle in our body.

Q.10 Which is the strongest muscle in our body?
Ans. Jaw muscle is the strongest muscle in our body.

Q.11 How many bones are there in a Child and an Adult?
Ans. Achild has 213 bones and an adult has 206 bones.

Q.12 What is tidal volume?
Ans. It is the volume of air that is taken in or given out during normal breathing.

Q.13 What is vital capacity?
Ans. If is the volume of air that can be breathed out by force expiration after taking a deep breath. It is about 4800 cc in males and about 3100 cc in females.

Q.14. What is heart rate?
Ans. It is the number of pumping/contractions of heart in one minute. It is about 72 times per minute under normal conditions in an adult.

Q.15 What is stroke volume?
Ans. It is the volume of blood pumped out by heart in one beat contraction. It is approximately 80 ml/beat in normal adults, whereas trained players have 110 ml/beat as stroke volume.

Q.16 What is cardiac output?
Ans. Cardiac Output = stroke volume x heart rate. It is 5 to 6 liters at basal level. In an untrained person, it can go to 20 liters and in trained athletes it can go to 40 liters.

Q.17 Where is tricuspid value situated?
Ans. Tricuspid value is situated in the right half of the heart.

Q.18 Which is the main artery of circulation:?
Ans. The main artery of circulation is Aorta. It carries pure blood to various parts of the body.

Q.19 What do you mean by axial skeleton system?
Ans. Axial skeleton system transmits weight from head, trunk the upper limbs down to the hip joints. It is responsible for the upright position of the human being.

Q.20 What do you mean by appendicular skeleton system?
Ans. The appendicular skeleton system makes locomotion possible. It also protects organs from digestion, reproduction, and excretion.

Q.21 Where are hinge joints found in the human body?
Ans. Hing’s joints are found in the elbow joints, knee joints, and phalanges in fingers in the human body.

Short Answer Type (3 MARKS)

Q.1 Explain the structure of the muscle with the help of a diagram.
Ans. There are about 600 voluntary muscles in the body. Each muscle is made up of thousands of long and narrow muscle cells called muscle fibers. These muscle fibers are arranged in bundles and enclosed within a tough layer of connective tissue called epimysium (sarcolemma). Every muscle fiber is made up of a very large number of microscopic threads called myofibril. Myofibril consists of
protein molecules called actin and myosin.

Q2. Explain external and internal respiration.
Ans. Inhalation and exhalation are the two processes of external respiration. This breathing process oxygenates the blood. It gets purified as carbon dioxide is removed from the blood. External respiration takes place in the lungs. Internal respiration is the process of respiration that takes place in the tissues and cells. Blood full of oxygen reaches the tissue where oxygen is used up during
energy production process and carbon dioxide are then taken by the blood to the lungs.

Q.3 Define the phenomenon of second wind. What are its causes and symptoms?
Ans. The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body within short span of time of such exercise. This sense of relief is called ‘second wind’.

Causes of second wind: When we perform strenuous exercise, our body takes some time to adjust according to the increased demand of energy. So, the second wind occurs before the adjustment.

Symptoms of second wind:

• Faster breathing
• Signs of tension and worry on the face
• Headache
• Suffocation in the chest appears
• Pain in muscles
• Condition of giddiness appears. These painful feelings disappear with the onset of the second wind.

Q.4 What are the functions of respiratory system?
Ans. The main functions of respiratory system are given as under:

• To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood,
• To produce sound, it helps the vocal cords to produce sound,
• To regulate blood Ph.
• To protect against some microorganisms. The respiratory system blocks the entry of microorganisms into the body at various levels, thus it provides protection against harmful microorganisms like viruses, bacteria, etc.

Q.5. Explain the functions of the heart.
Ans. The main functions of the heart are given below.

• It circulates pure blood to all parts of the body. This is called systemic circulation.
• It carries impure blood from all parts of the body to the lungs for purification. This is called the pulmonary circulation.
• It regulates blood pressure.
• It regulates the heart rate.
• Regular exercise improves the efficiency of the heart.

Q.6 Write down the main functions of muscles
Ans. The function of muscles:- Muscles are machines for converting chemical energy into mechanical work. The contractions and relaxations of muscles due to certain chemical changes in muscles in our body are:

• To produce and control movements of the body
• To maintain the naturals posture of the body acting on the bony structure
• Helping in the economy of effort by working in association with long levers and pulleys.

Q.7 Write the difference between slow-twitch fiber and fast-twitch fire fiber.
Ans. Slow twitch fibers are also known as red fibers which contract slowly. These play a significant role in aerobic activities as we may see in long-distance and cross-country races. Fast twitch fibers: These fibers are also known as white fibers. These fibers contract quickly and provide strength and speed but they fatigue more quickly. Those individuals who need an intense burst of energy for
shorter as in boxing, jumping events, or throws need more percentage of fast twitch fibers.

Value-based question

Arjita is studying in class 8th she has started playing football recently. While chasing the ball she feels breathlessness and hardness in her muscles so, she takes some rest. After a short while, she feels comfortable and again started playing.

1 While running we feel breathlessness and after resting we feel better. Write the process behind this phenomenon.
Ans. Second wind.

2 What should be done to avoid this process?
Ans. One should do continuous training.

3 Football players needs which components of physical fitness more?
Ans. Speed, strength, and endurance.

Long Answer Type Questions 5 Marks

Q.1 What are the functions of blood?
Ans. Important functions of blood are given as under:

• Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
• It carries food material absorbed from the intestines to the tissue, and cells for growth, energy, and repair process.
• It carries the waste products of cellular activity and carries them to the kidneys, lungs, and intestines for excretion.
• It carries hormones, vitamins, and other chemicals to the place of need.
• It helps to maintain water balance in the body.
• It regulates the body temperature.
• White blood cells of the blood act as a defensive mechanism

Q.2 What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Ans. The main functions of the skeletal system are given below.

• Shape and structure: The boney framework gives human being its shape and structure like tall or small, thin or stout
• Support: It gives support to the body that comes out as a human body. The bones provide support to our muscular system.
• Protection: Bones protect our vital organs. For example, the skull protects the brain, thoracic cage protects the heart, lungs, and pancreas.
• Lever: Bones act as a lever like a simple machine. For example, while lifting a weight, movable joints like the elbow joint act like a fulcrum, and the length of the arm bone acts like a crowbar to reduce effort and helps to lift a weight.
• Storehouse: The hollow space of bones acts like a storehouse of different minerals and salts like calcium, potassium, iron, etc.
• Production of RBCs: Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. It is the factory to produce RBCs.
• Junction: Bones provide junction or attachment to skeletal muscle that helps in visible movement.
• Self-repair: Whenever bones are damaged, they are capable of doing self-repair.

Q.3 Explain the structure of the heart with the help of a diagram.
Ans. The human heart is a four-chambered muscular organ shaped and sized roughly like a man’s closed fist with two-thirds of the mass to the left of the midline, self-repair.

Internal View of the Heart

Chambers of the Heart
The internal cavity of the heart is divided into four chambers:

• Right atrium
• Right ventricle
• Left atrium
• Left ventricle

The two atria are thin-walled chambers that receive blood from the veins. The two ventricles are thick-walled chambers that forcefully pump blood out of the heart. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from systemic veins; the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.

Valves of the Heart

Pumps need a set of valves to keep the fluid flowing in one direction and the heart is no exception. The heart has two types of valves that keep the blood flowing in the correct direction. The valves between the atria and ventricles are called atrioventricular valves (also called cuspid valves), while those at the bases of the large vessels leaving the ventricles are called semilunar valves. When the ventricles contract, atrioventricular valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria. When the ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Q.4 Explain different types of joints in the human body.
Ans. Following are the different types of joints,

(i) Immovable or fibrous joints: They are fixed joints. They never move.
Example: joints of skull.

(ii) Slightly movable or cartilaginous joints: These joints provide very little movement. Examples: backbone joints, and pelvic joints.

(iii) Freely movable or synovial joints. These joints provide different movements. There are five main types of movable joints,

• Hinge joint. These joints allow forward and backward movement. For example; knee joints, and elbow joints.
• Pivot joint. These joints give a rotation movement. Such as the movement of the neck.
• Ball and socket joint. In these joints, one bone has a ball-like shape and the other has a socket-like shape. They fit together to make a free movable joint. For example shoulder joint and hip joint.
• Saddle joint. It is a joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Example: wrist joint.
• Gliding joint. It is a joint in which articulation of contiguous bones allows only gliding movements, as in the wrist and the ankle.

Q5. Write in detail about the classification of bones.
Ans. Classification of Bones

• Long bones: They are long and wide. They act as levers. They are found in the legs and arms. Examples: humerus, femur, tibia, and fibula.
• Short bones: They are short in size and cube-shaped. They are found in the wrist and phalanges. Example: metatarsal and carpal.
• Flat bones: These bones are flat and thin. They are composed of a central layer of sponge bone fixed between two outer layers of compact bone. Example: ribs and shoulder.
• Systemwide bones: These bones are seed-like shaped and developed in the tendons where there is more friction. Example: palms of hands, sole of feet and knee caps,
• Irregular bones: These bones have completely shaped as compared to other types. The bones of the spinal column and skull are examples of these bones.
• Sutura bones: They are situated in Sutura points in the skull.

Q.6 Elucidate the importance of anatomy and physiology in the field of sports.
Ans. The study of anatomy and physiology plays a very important role in the field of sports because of the following reasons.

• Helps in physical fitness: Strong and fit body is an inevitable asset in the field of sports. The study of anatomy and physiology helps a sports person to understand the structure and function of different parts of the human body and to acquire a fit and healthy body.

• Provides knowledge about body structure: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, a sports person knows about the strength and weaknesses of his body, and accordingly, they can develop a forte in the field of the game which is suitable for the sports person as per their body structure.

• Helps in the selection of games: on the basis of knowledge of body structure: the coach and player can choose an appropriate sport/ game which is suitable for a particular sport. Like tall students can be selected for basketball and volleyball. And short and stout students can be selected for weight lifting.

• Protects from sports injuries: on the basis of anatomy, sports equipment is designed that help in safe play.

• Helps in the process of rehabilitation: knowledge of ligaments, tendons, and muscles helps in rehabilitation from the injuries sustained during the game or sport.

• Helps in maintaining a healthy body: a study of anatomy and physiology provides detailed knowledge about all body parts, their nature, and functions. This helps the player to adopt good, safe, and healthy use of the body.

• Helps to know about individual differences: there is a lot of difference between the body of males and females. The knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in understanding these individual differences. On the basis of these differences, the size of the court, time of game and
  equipment is designed differently for male and female players. 

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